Professional license means any license, permit, certificate, registration , qualification , admission , temporary license , temporary permit , temporary certificate , or temporary registration that is described in divisions W 1 to 36 of this section and that qualifies a person as a professionally licensed person.
Sample 1. Sample 2. Sample 3. Professional license means an individual , nontransferable. Not including those ages 16 to 24, the gap between women and men in the prevalence of these credentials declined with age. Women ages 25 to 34 were about 10 percentage points more likely to hold a certification or license than men ages 25 to 34, while women age 55 and over were only about 2 percentage points more likely to hold one of these credentials.
A look at the major race and ethnicity groups reveals that employed Whites had the highest prevalence of certification and licensing, at Employed people of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, at These patterns generally held for both those with a certification but no license and those with a license. As with age, employed women were more likely than their male counterparts to hold a certification or license within each major race and ethnicity group.
Of all these groups, White women, at This may also reflect differences in age, educational attainment, and occupation among employed people in the major race and ethnicity groups. See table 4. Reaching a specified level of educational attainment is often a requirement for obtaining a professional certification or license. CPS data show that, in , employed people age 25 and over with higher levels of educational attainment were more likely to hold a certification or license.
Just under half This pattern was mostly driven by differences in the prevalence of licenses, rather than certifications, between education levels. However, workers with at least some college experience were more likely to have a certification but no license than those with only a high school diploma or less education.
See figure 2. The prevalence of certification and licensing varied among the three advanced degree categories. Workers with a professional degree Among the employed, the prevalence of certifications and licenses varied widely by occupation. In , the share of workers with a currently active certification or license was highest among healthcare practitioners and technical occupations In addition, about half of workers in education, training, and library occupations By contrast, there were four occupational groups in which less than 1 in 10 workers held a certification or license: food preparation and serving related occupations 7.
See figure 3. In nearly all occupational groups, licenses appear to be the dominant credential. In the groups in which these credentials were most prevalent, more than 90 percent of credentialed workers held a license. In every occupational group, more workers held a license than a certification. The only exception was computer and mathematical occupations, in which 6. The share of workers with a certification but no license reached 4 percent in only two other occupational groups—installation, maintenance, and repair occupations 4.
However, it is important to note that the occupational groups displayed in figure 3 are broad. Some jobs within an occupational group may have a high prevalence of certification and licensing, while others in the same group may not. In , a large majority of jobs with the highest share of licensed workers were in healthcare. However, when occupations were ranked according to the number of licensed workers, a wide variety of sectors were represented.
In , there were 2. The level of licensed physicians and surgeons , did not quite reach one million, but the share with a license was about 85 percent. Other detailed occupations with a high number of licensed workers include secondary school teachers ,; 76 percent ; real estate brokers and sales agents ,; 69 percent ; and hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ,, 68 percent. These results show that occupational licenses are prevalent in a diverse range of detailed occupations that are spread across different industry sectors.
See table 5; also, data for all detailed occupations is available in an unpublished table upon request. Please email cpsinfo bls. In , professional certifications were less prevalent than occupational licenses, and they were most common among workers in computer and mathematical occupations. Examples of occupations with a high prevalence of certifications include computer network architects 24 percent , information security analysts 18 percent , and network and computer systems administrators 15 percent.
In , the share of workers with a certification but no license did not exceed 25 percent in any detailed occupation with employment of more than 50, Among workers in management occupations, , held a professional certification in Other occupations with the largest number of certified workers include software developers, members of the clergy, registered nurses, automotive service technicians and mechanics, and financial managers.
As mentioned previously, there is often substantial variation in the prevalence of these credentials within occupational groups. Consider legal occupations, for example, which include lawyers, judicial law clerks; judges, magistrates and other judicial workers; paralegals and legal assistants; 11 and miscellaneous legal support workers.
In , 84 percent of lawyers held a license, compared with only 21 percent of paralegals and legal assistants. This difference underscores the limitations of using intermediate occupation groups, which include many different kinds of specific occupations, to analyze the role of certifications and licenses in the labor market. Beyond the caveat that measures of the prevalence of certification and licensing from the CPS are self- or proxy-reported See endnote 2.
Occupational licensing regulation in the United States. In the United States, occupational licensing laws are generally enacted by state governments and executed by licensing boards, often composed of professionals from within the occupation. These laws can be quite complex. Interior designers in Georgia are regulated this way.
Such laws make it illegal for anyone to perform the services associated with an occupation without a license. Many of the most well-known examples are among healthcare practitioners, such as physicians and surgeons, nurses and nurse practitioners, and physical and occupational therapists.
Lawyers also typically cannot provide legal services or represent clients in a court of law without being licensed, which involves obtaining a law degree Juris Doctor or J. States may also enact legislation that requires workers to be licensed in order to legally perform specific tasks, while allowing unlicensed workers to perform the remaining work.
For example, in different states, there are different limits on the scope of tasks that nurse practitioners are allowed to perform. In Illinois, nurse practitioners are allowed to prescribe medication, while in Missouri, only physicians can do so. For example, in most states, licensed dental hygienists are required to perform their work, which could include teeth cleaning, fluoride treatment, or initial screenings, under the supervision of a licensed dentist.
However, in some states, licensed dental hygienists are permitted to perform some of these tasks without a dentist present, and in a few states, they are allowed to own their own dental hygiene practices. Kleiner, Guild-ridden labor markets: the curious case of occupational licensing Kalamazoo: Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, , pp. As an example, consider the case of physicians and surgeons. After 4 years of medical school, unlicensed medical school graduates typically begin their residencies.
Medical residents work for pay under the supervision of a licensed physician or surgeon in their chosen specialty for at least 3 years. After the completion of their residency, these physicians and surgeons can then apply for a license, which gives them legal permission to practice medicine independently in their jurisdiction.
Within occupational groups, the prevalence of professional certifications and licenses varies substantially by educational attainment. The prevalence of certification and licensing increased with educational attainment and varied widely between the intermediate occupation groups.
Workers with a professional degree and those employed in legal occupations; healthcare practitioner and technical occupations; or education, training, and library occupations held certifications and licenses at the highest rate. This is to be expected, because lawyers, physicians, surgeons, nurses, and teachers fall into these groups.
Workers with the lowest rates had a high school diploma or less or were employed in sales and office occupations; natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations; production occupations; and many service occupations. See table 6. Note: Dashes indicate no data available or data do not meet publication standards. Percentages are not presented when base is less than 50, People may have more than one certification or license.
While the prevalence of certifications and licenses in service occupations, at Certifications and licenses were most prevalent in healthcare support occupations, in protective service occupations, and in personal care and service occupations. In healthcare support occupations, these workers were mostly nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides and medical assistants. Within protective service occupations, they tended to be employed as police officers, security guards, or firefighters.
Personal care and service occupations include hairdressers, hairstylists and cosmetologists, as well as barbers. Professional certifications and licenses were relatively uncommon in food preparation and serving related occupations and in building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations.
Finally, within professional and related occupations, those employed in computer and mathematical occupations and in arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations held certifications and licenses at a lower rate, regardless of their level of educational attainment. In , only Among all workers in professional and related occupations, Among those with a credential, the percentages of workers with a required certification or license were at least 50 percent for all intermediate occupation groups.
However, there was substantial variation across the groups. Generally, credentialed workers in occupational groups with the highest prevalence of certification and licensing were more likely to say their credential was required.
For example, among workers with a certification or license, However, among credentialed workers in arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupations, as well as in office and administrative support occupations, less than 60 percent said their certification or license was required for their job.
The share of workers who held a required credential also varied by detailed occupation. In general, virtually all workers in occupations with the highest prevalence of licensing said the credential was required for their job. For example, among lawyers; physicians and surgeons; and elementary, middle and secondary school teachers, at least 97 percent of credentialed workers said their license was required for their job in However, among credentialed workers in occupations in which certifications and licenses were less prevalent, a majority still needed the credential.
For example, among paralegals and legal assistants 24 percent of whom held a certification or license in , about 69 percent of those with a certification or license said the credential was required for their job. Thus, even in occupations in which certifications and licenses were not as prevalent, these credentials were often a necessary condition for employment.
The results may have been driven, in part, by differences in occupational licensing regulation by state. Within detailed occupations in which the shares of people holding a certification but no license were the highest, the credential was less likely to be a requirement.
Among computer network architects, information security analysts, computer and information systems managers, and software developers, the share of workers with a certification or license who said their credential was required for their job was closer to 50 percent than percent.
For workers in these occupations, the credential may have served primarily as a resume boost. However, among other occupations with a relatively high prevalence of certifications, this was not the case.
In , about 84 percent of the clergy and 86 percent of automotive service technicians and mechanics with a certification or license said the credential was required for their job. In , median weekly earnings for full-time wage and salary workers with a currently active professional certification or license were 35 percent higher than earnings for those without one of these credentials.
However, the relationship between earnings and certification and licensing status was more complex than this percent difference might suggest. Corporate certifications are internal certifications created by a corporation for certification purposes within that company and are generally not portable to other corporations. Some examples include:. Enterprise's Management Training certifications. Walgreens' retail, corporate and pharmacy certification programs, offered through Walgreens University.
These certifications, otherwise known as role-specific certifications, are specific to certain products and are intended to be carried with the holder across companies that use that specific product. This type of certification is common in inbound marketing and information technology IT industries, where professionals are certified to work with certain software or hardware products.
Examples of product-specific certifications include:. Software certifications, e. The broadest type of certification is profession-wide, a type of certification that is portable to wherever the certified professional may work. Other examples might include:. Find jobs. Company reviews. Find salaries. Upload your resume. Sign in. Career Guide. Related Articles.
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